1  轉向(xiàng)阻力矩計算
1. Calculation of steering resistance torque
液壓轉向(xiàng)系統匹配設計，先應計算轉向(xiàng)阻力矩。一般地，轉向(xiàng)阻力矩分爲原地轉向(xiàng)阻力矩和行駛轉向(xiàng)阻力矩，考慮到原地轉向(xiàng)阻力矩是行駛轉向(xiàng)阻力矩的2～3倍，自上料攪拌車轉向(xiàng)系統應按滿足實現原地轉向(xiàng)力矩要求進(jìn)行設計。影響汽車轉向(xiàng)阻力矩的因素有汽車前軸負荷、輪胎與地面(miàn)之間的摩擦系數、輪胎氣壓等。目前常用的經(jīng)驗計算公式：
In the matching design of hydraulic steering system, the steering resistance moment should be calculated first. Generally, the steering resistance moment is divided into in-situ steering resistance moment and driving steering resistance moment. Considering that the in-situ steering resistance moment is 2 ~ 3 times of the driving steering resistance moment, the steering system of the self loading mixer shall be designed to meet the requirements of in-situ steering torque. The factors that affect the steering resistance moment of automobile include the load of automobile front axle, the friction coefficient between tire and ground, tire pressure and so on. Currently commonly used empirical calculation formula:
式中：Mr1——轉向(xiàng)阻力矩，N·m；
Where: MR1 - steering resistance moment, n · m;
f ——輪胎與地面(miàn)摩擦系數，取 0.7；
F - friction coefficient between tire and ground, taken as 0.7;
G1——車輛轉向(xiàng)軸軸荷，N；
G1 -- axle load of vehicle steering axle, N;
P——車輛輪胎胎壓，kPa。
P -- tire pressure of vehicle tire, kPa.
自上料攪拌車最大單軸軸荷 75000N，正常工作胎壓550kPa，代入數值可得 Mr1= 6462N·m。
Since the maximum single axle load of the charging mixer is 75000n and the normal working tire pressure is 550kpa, the value can be substituted to get MR1 = 6462n · M.
2.2  轉向(xiàng)油缸選型及校核
2.2 steering cylinder selection and verification
轉向(xiàng)系統設計需要考慮兩(liǎng)種(zhǒng)情況，第一種(zhǒng)情況，轉向(xiàng)油缸随車橋确定，且受結構限制不能(néng)随意改變，此刻應計算轉向(xiàng)橋載荷，通過(guò)調整整機質心，使轉向(xiàng)橋載荷在合适的範圍内，同時對(duì)轉向(xiàng)油缸進(jìn)行校核計算。第二種(zhǒng)情況，轉向(xiàng)橋所受載荷已确定，需要對(duì)轉向(xiàng)油缸進(jìn)行選型設計，使之符合轉向(xiàng)要求。目前自上料攪拌車選用林德10t 車橋，油缸性能(néng)參數已經(jīng)确定，先需要對(duì)油缸進(jìn)行校核，參數見表 1。
Two situations need to be considered in the design of the steering system. In the first case, the steering cylinder is determined with the axle and cannot be changed arbitrarily due to structural constraints. At this time, the steering axle load should be calculated, the steering axle load should be within the appropriate range by adjusting the mass center of the whole machine, and the steering cylinder should be checked and calculated at the same time. In the second case, the load on the steering axle has been determined, and the steering cylinder needs to be selected and designed to meet the Steering requirements. At present, Linde 10t axle is selected for the self loading mixer, and the performance parameters of the oil cylinder have been determined. First, the oil cylinder needs to be checked, and the parameters are shown in Table 1.
轉向(xiàng)油缸最大推力爲
The maximum thrust of steering cylinder is
代入數值，可得 Fmax=76302N
By substituting the value, Fmax = 76302n can be obtained
自上料攪拌車車橋轉向(xiàng)油缸的轉向(xiàng)作用力臂随轉向(xiàng)角的關系曲線如圖3 所示。車橋最大轉向(xiàng)角爲 32°，由圖可知最小力臂 Rmin＝125mm。
The relationship curve between the steering action arm of the axle steering cylinder of the self loading mixer and the steering angle is shown in Fig. 3. The maximum steering angle of the axle is 32 °. It can be seen from the figure that the minimum force arm Rmin = 125mm.
根據轉矩公式：Fmax =Mr2 / (Rmin η)
According to the torque formula: Fmax = MR2 / (Rmin) η)
式中：Rmin——小力臂，mm；
Where: Rmin - minimum force arm, mm;
η——轉向(xiàng)機械效率，取 0.8；
η—— Steering mechanical efficiency, taken as 0.8;
Mr2 ——轉向(xiàng)力矩，N·m。
MR2 -- steering torque, n · M.
代入數值，可得 Mr2=7630.2N·m
By substituting the value, we can get MR2 = 7630.2n · M
根據計算結果 Mr2＞Mr1，滿足使用要求。

According to the calculation results, MR2 ＞ MR1, it meets the use requirements.
2.3  轉向(xiàng)器排量的确定
2.3 determination of displacement of steering gear
當轉向(xiàng)輪從一個極限位置到另一個極限位置，方向(xiàng)盤轉過(guò)的圈數n，既要滿足行駛工況，防止車輪轉向(xiàng)過(guò)大導緻車身穩定性差，又要滿足有較少的作業循環，提高操作便利性。一般設計中，n=3～5 圈。
When the steering wheel moves from one limit position to another, the number of turns n of the steering wheel should not only meet the driving conditions and prevent the poor stability of the vehicle body caused by excessive steering of the wheel, but also meet the requirements of less work cycles and improve the convenience of operation. In general design, n = 3 ~ 5 cycles.
轉向(xiàng)油缸全行程油液體積：V=SA
Full stroke oil volume of steering cylinder: v = SA
式中：S——活塞行程，mm；
Where: s -- piston stroke, mm;
A——油壓作用面(miàn)積，mm2。
A - oil pressure action area, mm2.
代入數值，得出 V=858mL
Substitute the value to obtain v = 858ml
先選取 n=4，則轉向(xiàng)器排量爲V/n=858/4=214，對(duì)照轉向(xiàng)器廠家樣(yàng)本，選用排量爲 200mL/r 型号的轉向(xiàng)器。
If n = 4 is selected first, the displacement of the steering gear is v / N = 858 / 4 = 214. Compared with the sample of the steering gear manufacturer, the steering gear with a displacement of 200ml / R is selected.
2.4  齒輪泵排量的确定
2.4 determination of gear pump displacement
轉向(xiàng)系統流量：Q=qn
Steering system flow: q = QN
式中：q——轉向(xiàng)器排量，mL/r；
Where: Q -- displacement of steering gear, ml / R;
n——方向(xiàng)盤轉速，取 0.8r/s。
N -- steering wheel speed, taken as 0.8r/s.
代入數值，得出 Q=160mL/s
Substitute the value to get q = 160ml / s
按照發(fā)動機怠速狀态下分析，齒輪泵排量
The displacement of the gear pump is analyzed according to the idle state of the engine
qc=60Q/(ndη)
qc=60Q/(nd η)
式中：nd——發(fā)動機怠速轉速，取750r/min；
Where: Nd -- engine idle speed, taken as 750r / min;
η——轉向(xiàng)泵效率，取 0.95。
η—— Steering pump efficiency, taken as 0.95.
代入數值，得出 qc=13.5mL/r
Substitute the value to get QC = 13.5ml/r
現選用齒輪泵排量爲 16mL/r，滿足使用要求。
The displacement of gear pump is 16ml / R, which meets the use requirements.

當前題目：全液壓四輪轉向(xiàng)在自上料混凝土攪拌車液壓轉向(xiàng)系統計算
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